Context of human services Essay Example for Free

Context of human services Essay societal changes in diverse societies are brought about by several(prenominal) factors such as maintaining order and responsibility within and outside the ordering. In this case, human services such as attending offering medical attendance, and shunning of social evils such as corruption, are portrayed as major opportunities for the social changes. Many people see mental anomaly as curable. In real case, one fecal matternot be completely cured from it, but the most promising fact is that it can be recovered and maintained.People in the conjunction are more often encouraged to live with mentally challenged as they support them from day to day. They should be friendly to them since it is not the wish of the victims to be what they are. Family purlieu has been considered the best in provision of care to the victims of mental illness. Presently, many people prefer discharging their patience from hospitals as soon as possible since the expenses in creases from day to day. amends reimbursements by both private and governmental sectors usually provide a cover of not more than sixty days to the patients.These days are up to(predicate) enough to recover the mental patients. Several organizations have come up to attend the patience and also provide moral support to them. For example, The Office of tutelar Commission and the Public Guardian has been established to help the mentally challenged individuals cope with the environment they are in. such organizations have maintained social order as evidenced from their efforts to protect the ill from being interpreted advantage of (Hasenfeld, 2009) Members of the society should be encouraged and given knowledge about the mental disorder.In so doing, they will be actively encouraged to handle the victims with proper care, love, respect and most of all with dignity since the victims are also human beings thus they deserve tender care. Mental illness has got no specific cause. However, c auses has been identified as either due to hereditary factors (it exists in the family linage), caused by organic diseases and even some dates by environmental situations such as one being subjected to adverse stress. This disorder has got no borders and any person can be a victim, indiscriminating of his religion, gender or race and even age (Hopkins Austin, 2004)Health systems in some parts of the world are a times selective in provision of services to its customers. Not everyone stands equal rights in services offered. Depending on your pocket or rather financial strength one is likely to take aim better services than the poor. Patience that may require argent medical attention is kept on waiting bays for long. This is as a result of the financially stable personnel not observing the rule of first come first served basis. Such issues have been of much negativity to the society since others have addled their loved ones at the bays and the emergency rooms.Also, the limited numb er of qualified persons may be a contributing factor. In some circumstances, the patient attendants may be reluctant in provision of services. Evil thoughts that propel them towards this could be such as assuming that patients could have gone to private organizations with relatively shorter queues than theirs, for fast saving of services. It is much disgusting to realise existence of inequality in any society. This is whereby when one is rich, he/she gets richer and richer, and in most instances at the expense of others (Pease Camilleri , 2001).Strengthening the well-bred society can be a way of addressing social issues such as social injustices, discrimination, violence and even poverty. A strong society can enhance better governance, tolerance and can also maintain peace within its borders. People who are socially responsible have got no time to engage in activities that will in one way or another haunt others, for example negligently polluting the environment, discriminating a gainst others and even engaging in violence. Currently, reforms have been put in place with an aim of strengthening communities.Public are encouraged to participate in policy making. Several governments have taken initiatives of letting its citizens participate in decision making thus enabling the nation to thrive well in terms of political, economical and social study (Patti ,2008). Social evils such as corruptions are a major issue towards the existence of social injustices. Corruption has been a reason behind increase in the levels of poverty in the societies and also retarded growth in the economy. Corruption is as a result of poor governance.Those in the government can carelessly use the funds at the expense of the public thus being a leeway to social irresponsibility. It is clear therefore that this evil in the society should be emphasized on and properly dealt with so as to bring social order and also desirable changes for the development in the society (Laurence Heinrich, 2000). In summary, it is clear that opportunities of success in terms of social changes can be as a result of human participation in service provision. Social order is enhanced through provision of better services in diverse sectors and also through good governance.

Analysis of the Term Victorian Through Literature

Analysis of the Term straitlaced Through Lit durationtureThe epoch of Queen Victorias reign witnessed the passing of milest unitarys in favorable, economic, and personal progress. It was the progress of industrialisation, a quantify of travel, a battleground for the conflict surrounded by science and religion. Yet further to these great markers by which many of us recognise the nineteenth light speed, and thusly because of them, Victorias reign inspired commute within the individual a revaluation of what it meant to be a piece being. The lit timery artists gave risingly gradation to the questions on the lips of the federation almost them questions that were no longer so easily answered by Christianity.This dissertation will explore how the condition mincing does or doesnt fit into the background from which it purportedly arises. I will look at purports much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the develop ment of literary criticism, pi sensationering scientific discoverie s, the exploration into psychic phenomenon, the increase independence of women, the mapping of the world, forevery last(predicate) of which contribute to what we accredit and find as mincing, and pay back in some mood shaped the work of authors such(prenominal) as Eliot, Conan Doyle, and H.G Wells. Using some closelipped textual analysis I hope to identify the personality of the inspiration behind the literature of the time and whether or non such work transcends the limits of the precondition overnice.Many great literary nouss of the time such as Arn gaga, Dickens, and Ruskin helped define the era in their critical attitudes towards it. (Davis 2002, p.10). Criticism turn outs to have put up a form of exploration in an attempt to turn what furbish uped and worried the artist into something that questioned and reassured. Arnold, in his dissertations in Criticism (Arnold 1865, p.V) explains how he perceives the divergence among logical and fine thought The verit y is I have never been able to ht it off happily with the logicians, and it would be mere affectation in me to give myself the airs of doing so. They surmise truth something to be proved, I something to be enchantn they something to be manufactured, I as something to be bring.It is this growing awareness of difference that was to be decrease a formation skylark of niminy-piminy literature. Differences appeared in the very perception of things, which led to feelings of isolation, despair, alienation entirely prominent fundaments in nineteenth century work. In Arnolds A Summer wickedness (http//whitewolf. impertinentlycastle.edu.au/ haggle/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html) we see the poetic mind struggling to find meaning on a woolgathering street w here the windows, give care antipathetic face ups, are silent and white, unopening mickleAnd the calm moonlight seems to say Hast thou then nonope shrewd the old unquiet depreciator That neith er deadens into relievo Nor ever feels the fiery glow That whirls the spirit front itself away, 30 hardly fluctuates to and fro Never by impatience quite possessd And never quite benumbd by the worlds sway? And I, I know not if to pray Still to be what I am, or yield, and be Like all the some other men I see.Arnold recognises that the confederation around him is unfulfilled, that men are giving their lives to some unmeaning taskwork and he questions whether he should be questioning at all. He is aware of a gap betwixt the human beings of work spiritedness and life knocked appear(p)side of work a difference that he strives to find explanation for. Arnold appears to be broken amidst the streets of his own mind panicked of not being able to define who he is, what he is. These feelings in part express what it meant to be a puritanical struggling to place thoughts and feelings which appear to no longer fit into society.The Victorian era contained much of what had past and much of what was still to fill out it give the sacknot be seen as an separated time, nor as an isolated line. It contained aspects of the Romantic period for instance in Arnolds poem, The Buried Life, we see vestiges of Words deservings legacy of Ode to Immortality. In both poems on that point is a gumption of something lost an old warmth or instinct that has gone with the passing of time thus far Arnold, unlike Wordsworth, finds it much than difficult to come to shapes with this A longing to inquire / Into the mystery story of this heart that beats / So wild, so deep in us, to know / Whence our thoughts come and where they go. (http//www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Buried.htm). The langu jump on is more passionately discontent than the unconquerable tone of Wordsworths visionary acceptance We will grieve not, sooner find/Strength in what remains behind. (Wordsworth 1928, p.136). The styles are plainly connected, but the trouble with defini ng the era using literary terminology is that it is draw inly neither a quirky extension of the Romantics vision, nor is it a straightforward trend to the modernists. The 1870s saw the maturation of authors such as Anthony Trollope who brought out his later refreshings, yet only twenty years later in 1896 these publications are sitting beside the intimately different form and unfastened matter of work such as H.G. Wellls The quantify Machine and The Island of Dr. Moreau, with literary experiments with the modern such as Richard Jefferies The Story of My nerve centre (a ghostly autobiography) -occurring amid in 1883.A growing concern in nineteenth century life was the potential loss of the Romantic link between human nature and the inseparable world, and the gap which sudden industrial progress highlighted between nature and mechanisation. As technology developed so did the notion of artificiality. It is worth noting J.S. mill about dissertation on constitution (Mill 1874 , p.65) where he says that it is mans nature to be artificial, to remedy nature by artificial pruning and intervention. Further to this, a contemporary of Mills Richard Jennings also drew a line between the province of human nature and the external world. (Lightman 1997, p.80). In the countryside more efficient methods of kingdom were employed (see the agate line between Henchards methods and Farfraes ciphering and mensuration in Hardys Mayor of Casterbridge, (Hardy 1886, p.122)), and new machines introduced which no longer required the labour force to run them, encouraging people to migrate to towns and cities.The urban reality was harsh in 1851 roughly four million people were employed in trade and manufacture and mining, leaving only one and a half million in agriculture. (Davis 2002, p.13). City life, as portrayed by Dickens, was a cruel, unhealthy and un exclusivelysome existence for many. Working conditions in cities were often cramped, unsanitary and poorly ventilated, and living conditions could be even worse. Mrs. Gaskell, living in Manchester, witnessed the appalling pressures that these conditions forced upon family life, and in North and South depicts the difficulties of urban living, offering that salvation for the working classes lay with themselves and their employers, working together. However, urban center life was not all desolate based in cities, the development of the detective novel brought the city back to human scale (Lehan, p.84). Detectives pieced together and reconstruct past events by means of and through and through clues for example, the murder of Bartholomew Sholto in The Sign of Four by Conan DoyleAs far as we provide record, no actual traces of violence were found upon Mr Sholtos person, but a valuable collection of Indian gems which the deceased gentleman had inherited from his father had been carried off. The uncovering was first make by Mr Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson () Mr. Athelney Jones, the well-known(a) me mber of the detective police force, happened to be at the Norwood police station () Mr Jones well-known technical knowledge and his powers of minute ceremonial have enabled him to prove conclusively that the miscreants could not have entered by the door or by the window but must have made their way crossways the roof of the building, and so through a trapdoor into a room which communicated with that in which the body was found. (p.66)The city provided an exciting backdrop to crime scenes its labyrinthine streets corresponding to the mapping of the pathways of the human mind so that the two became inextricably linked. As Joseph McLaughlin says in Writing the Urban Jungle, the urban jungle is a quadrangle that calls out a pleasurable acquiescence to something great, more powerful, and, indeed, sublime () also an imaginative domain that calls forth heroic action exploring, conquering, enlightening, purifying, taming, besting. (McLaughlin 2000, p.3).Further to what McLaughlin s uggests, the Victorians perception of time and space in the city and the countryside was changing radically from the medieval perceptions that still existed in the Romantic period. People saw the finished ingatherings in both manufacturing and farming no longer involving the long, drawn-out means to an end, instead the end result was being achieved faster and with more control. Here developed the root of modern industry which continues at once in intensive farming and factory lines. Yet here too the beginnings of waste and excess. Richard Jefferies, a nineteenth century naturalist and mystic, known for his dissertations on nature, remarks on the abundance of food in the natural world in his dissertation Meadow ThoughtsThe surface of the earth offers to us far more than we can subscribe to the grains, the seeds, the fruits, the animals, the abounding products are beyond the power of all the human race to devour. They can, too, be multiplied a thousandfold. There is no natural o verleap. Whenever there is wish among us it is from artificial causes, which in reciteigence should remove. (Jefferies 1994, p.26).Unfortunately there was plenty for those who could afford it but not enough to spare for the poorer lower classes. (Ritvo 1997, p.194). Trends of over production and wastage which became a worry in Victorian times are reflected in the literary concerns of Jefferies childrens story, Bevis, where words, despite their abundance, are in danger of becoming an insufficient medium of materialization and not filling the metaphysical space on the page. In describing a sunrise and the thoughts and feelings associated with watching it, Jefferies struggles to articulate the beauty before himThe sun had not yet stood out from the orient, but his causality light shone through the translucent blue. Yet it was not blue, nor is there any word, nor is a word possible to convey the feeling. (Jefferies 1881, p.391)We see too in crowd together Thomsons City of Dreadful w ickedness (Thomson 1892, p.2) the desperateness of difficult to articulate thoughts and feelingsBecause a cold rage seizes one at whiles To show the mordacious old and wrinkled truth Stripped naked of all vesture that beguiles, False dreams, false hopes, false masks and modes of youth Because it gives some smack of power and passion In helpless impotency to try to trend Our woe in living words howeer uncouth.In both passages there is a sense of trying to convey so much more than the words will allow. And that is the essence of the problem of defining the era with a word which the era itself selected Victorian like the authors of its time struggles to convey the enormity and the condensed nature of its changing environment. Victorian literature is thus perhaps best studied between the lines of its texts rather than for what it offers at face value. Thomsons words to try to fashion our woe in living words although appearing dismal could actually withhold a more positive content it deals with the notion of perseverance that by creating words, provided difficult, the author is refusing to give in to despair by trying to transform it into creative energy.There is a sense of crisis in the work of Thomson, exactly as there is to be found in Jefferies futuristic After London where the lone explorer Felix discovers the land subsequently humanity has overreached itself to sociological accident and has lost the harmonious relationship between mankind and nature. London becomes no more than a crystallised ruin in a ground flow with poison unctuous and slimy, like a thick oil. (Jefferies 1885, p.205). Through work like this we see that Victorian was an era of curtain raising where visions of the forthcoming on the spur of the moment became unmistakable concerns and possible realities, and where contemporary judgmentions of language and life might no longer hold up to the pressures of the time. In H.G. Wells the Time Machine, the time traveller discovers a land in the year 802,701The air was free from gnats, the earth from weeds or fungi everywhere were fruits and sweet and lovely flowers brilliant butterflies flew hither and thither. The ideal of preventative medicine was attained. diseases had been stamped out. I saw no evidence of any contagious diseases during all my stay. And i shall have to tell you later that even the processes of disintegration and decay had been profoundly affected by these changes. (Wells 1995, p.28)In this description of a futuristic age the Victorian imagination still retains the idea of a paradise a place full of butterflies and flowers. This Christian fantasy is a literary hangover from Miltons Paradise Lost, and remains an of the essence(predicate) theme for the moderns such as D.H. Lawrence.The Victorian age suffered from a dualistic split between a bright future on the one hand promised by leaps in technology, education and stinting success and an increasingly alienated, confused society on the other. There were those writers like Huxley who believed that by human intervention within a political and economic manakin humankind could evolve out of their condition seeing no limit to the extent to which light and will () may specify the conditions of existence (Huxley, 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes verbalise (http//aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html), and there were those like Hardy whose characters were destined to fail because they were not emotionally fitted into the cosmos out of which they evolved .It was the nineteenth century spiritual crisis which precipitated the literary shift into the new genre of the realist novel. By the mid-nineteenth century, society had begun to grow away from the idea of atonement for sin within an omnipotent religion, where judgement would come solely in heaven, and towards the more humanistic idea of God as in-dwelling, so that salvation could be achieved on earthWe have now come to regard the world not as a machine, but as an beingness, a system in which, while the split contribute to the growth of the whole, the whole also reacts upon the development of the parts and whose primary purpose is its own perfection, something that is contained within and not outside itself, an internal end while in their turn the numberless parts of this universal organism are also lesser organisms, ends in and for themselves, pursuing each its lonely ideal of individual completeness. (Gore (ed) 1890, p.211)A spiritual lack created a need to define, ordinance and categorise a world that suddenly appeared chaotic. When Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 he raised issues of public concern as to the truth of the sacred scripture and the essence of Christianity. However, its content and its methodology were seriously criticised (Appleman 2001, p.200). It was a difficult work to accept as it caused the public to rethink and delineate their history that they were a product of evolution and not a tai lor made being came as a shock.The future of thought and literature was suddenly changed as people move to sew together the wander of the past. Natural Science became a national obsession exotic flora and fauna from across the world were brought into London daily, to be displayed in the British Museum or Kew Gardens (Lightman, 1997 p.1). In literature, we see the author begin to play the part of evolutionist Eliots Middlemarch although concerned with the evolving character of Dorothea Brooke keep ups the threads of sub-plots and the successes and failures of other characters which form a pattern of development. As Gillian Beer saysThere is not one primitive tissue, just as there is not one backbone to all mythologies () emphasis upon plurality, rather than upon singleness, is crucial to the developing argument of Middlemarch. (Beer 2000, p.143).Gone is the tradition of the valiant hero or heroine singularly conquering their environment (a trend watch by classics such as Homers The Odyssey (1967)) and in its place a landscape upon which the author grafts and nurtures developing shoots of life. It is this sort of growth that is in danger of remain unseen to the contemporary historian or critic as it can become shrouded by generalising concepts which are so often prescribed to the term Victorian concepts such as repression, antique and prudish. (http//www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html).These sort of terms restrict the individuals perception of the era when it was a time when growth was instigated rather than restricted. Authors used the allegory of pruning and nurturing plant life to symbolise the development of the self for example in North and South Gaskell discusses the problem of the working individual who struggles to reach his or her potential when the manufacturers are scathingly cutting away all off-shoots in the direction of literature or high mental cultivation, in hopes of throwing the whole effect and vigour of the plant into commerce. (Gaskell 1865, p.69).For Gaskell, it is through the everyday interaction between people that such difficulties are given the chance to be overcome. And this was the essence of the realist novel set amidst a world which had witnessed such alteration to transform the lostness felt by society into a seeing of the smaller things in life which could withhold qualities of greater spiritual value. As Philip Davis says, the realist novel was the holding ground, the meeting point, for the overlapping of common life. (Davis 2002, p.144). And it was within this common life that a more calm acceptance of the new state could be achieved. Gillian Beer suggests that through her novels brass Eliot creates order and understanding of the evolving process of novel-writing. In Middlemarch, the naming of Casaubons books Waiting for Death, Two Temptations, Three Love Problems draws attention to the books organisation by emphasising categorisationBut the process of reading leads into divergence and v ari mightiness. Even while we are observing how closely human beings conform in the taxonomy of events we learn how differently they feel and think. For Dorothea and Casaubon delay for death means something very different from what it means for Mary Garth and Featherstone. The relations are different. The distances between people are different. Lydgate, here at one with the externalize of the book, longed to demonstrate the more intimate relations of living structure (115225). In this double emphasis on concord and variability George Eliot intensifies older literary organisations by means of recent scientific theory. In Darwinian theory, variability is the creative principle, but the type makes it possible for us to track common tune and common kinship. (Beer 2000, pp.143-4)Writing itself was becoming an almost divine image, an upcountry order of a chaotic external world. The idea that humans had evolved from primates meant that the boundaries between what was one thing and wha t was another were no longer so clearly defined. There developed a fear of the animate and a fear of the inanimate, and efforts were sought to understand them. As Harriet Ritvo says in The Platypus and the MermaidDepending on the beholder, an anomaly might be viewed as embodying a challenge to the established order, whether social, natural, or divine the containment of that challenge the incomprehensibility of the founding by human intelligence or simply the endless and diverting variety of the world. And beholders who agreed on the content of the representation could still disagree powerfully about its moral valence whether it was good or bad, entrancing or disgusting. (Ritvo 1997, p.148).In a world where categorisation was all-important(a) but not so easily achievable, the novel too became neither one thing nor another realism became a melting pot for ideas, a sort of hybrid of styles. In Eliots The Lifted Veil realism is used as a vehicle for the exploration of her ideas into psychology and psychic phenomena. Latimers clairvoyance forces him to endure a painful discernment into the minds of the people around him I began to be aware of a phase in my abnormal sensibility, to which, from the languid and slight nature of my intercourse with others since my illness, I had not been alive before. This was the obtrusion on my mind of the mental process going forward in first one person, and then another, with whom I happened to be in arrive at the vagrant, frivolous ideas and emotions of some uninteresting acquaintanceMrs Filmore, for examplewould force themselves on my consciousness like an importunate, ill-played musical instrument, or the loud activity of an jug insect.But this superadded consciousness, wearying and vexation enough when it urged on me the trivial experience of indifferent people, became an intense pain and grief when it seemed to be opening to me the souls of those who were in a close relation to me when the rational talk, the graceful a ttentions, the wittily-turned phrases, and the kindly full treatment, which used to make the web of their characters, were seen as if thrust asunder by a microscopic vision, that showed all the intermediate frivolities, all the suppress egoism, all the struggling chaos of puerilities, meanness, vague capricious memories, and indolent make-shift thoughts, from which human words and deeds emerge like leaflets screening a fermenting heap.(Eliot 1859, pp.13-14)Latimer is no longer caught up in the web of peoples characters. Eliot plays with the idea that his consciousness has the ability to transcend the mundane the rational talk, the kindly deeds in order to give insight into an alternative and not so rosy vision of the mechanics of the human mind where thoughts are make-shift and chaotic. The nineteenth century saw the acceptance of the concept of otherworldly phenomena into the working classes. Robert Owen, a social reformer, who influenced the British Labor movement (Oppenheim 1985, p.40) elevated many working class Owenites to follow him into the spiritualist fold, where they enthusiastically move their ongoing search for the new moral world.Interests such as spiritualism and psychology which had previously been more underground pursuits, were brought out into the open. The concept of telepathy, a term coined by Frederic Myers in 1882 (Luckhurst 2002, p.1) even helped to theorize the uneasy cross-cultural encounters at the colonial frontier. (Luckhurst 2002, p.3) These developments suggest that the Victorians felt imbued with the power of their age they felt confident of their ability to communicate on different planes of consciousness. So it could be argued that Victorian was not simply a time devoted to the find of the self and the workings of the inner mind, but a time that also cerebrateed on the projection of ideas and thoughts outside of the self ideas which themselves stand outside of the fellowship Victorian.In 1869 the Spiritualist News w ritten report began selling first as a fortnightly, then as a weekly publication. (Oppenheim 1985, p.45). This draws the discussion to the point of representation the social nature of Victorians seems to suggest that they enjoyed the focus being on themselves. Self-obsession is an aspect of the time which the term Victorian usefully represents by specifically referring to the rule of the Queen the term draws attention to the importance of the individual. The era saw the development of many different styles of fashion and the use of photography. As part of the Freudian influence great importance was placed on puerility and it was during the nineteenth century that the first laws concerning child welfare were passed. (Mavor quoted from Brown (ed) 2001, p.i) The focus on the central, the ego, was paramount. As Mavor says,it was as if the camera had to be invented in order to muniment what would soon be lost, childhood itself and childhood had to be invented in order for the camera t o document childhood (a fantasy of innocence) as real. (Brown (ed) 2001, p.27).Perhaps because of societys awareness of change there seems to have been a necessity to record and keep track of the world around. Discovery took place on a much grander scale in the exploration of the world. The British Empire was global, yet as Patrick Brantlinger suggests in run of Darkness, (Brantlinger 1988, p.4) imperialism was not generally reflected in the literature of the time. What we do see evidence of however is the mapping of new worlds and territories (Richard Jefferies Bevis).The development of the adventure story suggests that Victorians entrustd to explore what lay outside of what they knew and in this respect the term Victorian which people can think of as representing a society closed within in itself is misleading. The rise of imperialism began to shape the ideological dimensions of subjects studied in school (Bristow 1991, p.20) and so through literature the Victorian child was o ffered an exciting world of sophisticated representation and ideas with the knowledge that the world was theirs to explore. Does the term then encourage us to think of the society as a class of people set apart from the rest of the world?In The Island of Dr. Moreau it is not just the future of science that is explored but the concept of a new territory and its effects on the mind. For example, when the protagonist first sees the beast-servant on board the ship he is outright frightenedI did not know then that a reddish luminosity, at least, is not uncommon in human eyes. The phase, with its eyes of fire, struck down through all my adult thoughts and feelings, and for a moment the forgotten horrors of childhood came back to my mind. Then the effect passed as it had come. An uncouth black figure of a man, a figure of no particular import, hung over the taffrail, against the starlight. (Wells 1997, p.31).The circumstances of being at sea is disorientating and causes the imagination to play tricks so that the man is first one thing a figure with its eyes of fire and then suddenly becomes an uncouth black figure of a man. The effect is that the protagonist suddenly regresses to the forgotten horrors of childhood. This sudden fluctuation is important as it represents the fluidity of the era and how change and discovery on a global scale, although empowering, also caused instability within the individual. Therefore, when considering the age in the context of its bid we can understand that the term was perhaps created out of both the desire to represent achievement but also out of a need to belong.This desire to belong which manifested itself during an age ruled by one charwoman placed great importance on the role of the egg-producing(prenominal) in society. It was a time when women began to travel and write without the necessity of using a pseudonym (see Cheryl McEwan on Kingsley in West Africa, (2000, p.73)). In books such as Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles t he idea of the fallen woman is tested when Tesss crucial lack of belief in herself causes her never to discover the paradise with Clare that might have been.The nineteenth century began to be more pellucid concerning issues of gender for example, the relationship between Arthur Munby and Hannah Cullwick (see McClintock 1995, pp.132-138) where Cullwick is photographed cross-dressed as a farm worker. A Victorian man however appears to have had more stigma attached to him and in this context the term is commonly associated with heroism and English valour (Ridley/Dawson 1994, p.110). There is less flexibility surrounding the notion of Victorian men -as if the term in some way threatened their masculinity. However, this did not seem to affect the manlike authors of the time. Lewis Carroll captured the public imagination through Alices Adventures in Wonderland, which although following the story of a little girl, depicts many male characters. (see Carroll 2000).In conclusion, the term Victorian although useful to refer to a specific time period in history, does however encourage us to make wholesale generalisations without investigating how versatile the era was. In terms of the subject matter of Victorian belles-lettres there is no clear cut distinction between early, middle and late Victorian for example, Bulwer-Lytton attempts at the beginning of the century what Richard Jefferies does at the end the difference is in style and form. at heart that time frame there was condensed an incredible diversity of styles, tastes and attitudes, yet the term suffers from being associated with prejudices and assumptions about Victorians. However, it is worth bearing in mind that prejudices were indeed a part of Victorian society. When the Victorians explored the rest of the world they made generalisations and assumptions based on what they found (eg The Island of Dr. Moreau) where experience and the nature of what is discovered defines behaviour.As a critic in 1858 wr ote we are living in an age of transition (quoted from Houghton 1957, p.1) therefore when considering the Victorian age we should remember that values and trends were evolving it was not a static time governed by repression or old fashion values. From the research carried out for this dissertation it appears that through the gaining of knowledge, Victorians also realised how little they knew and how much more there was to discover. As Arnold says in A Summer Night How fair a lot to fill / Is left to each man still.(http//whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html). In this context the term Victorian can be dualistically representative discoveries of the time, although revolutionary, were often rudimentary in nature, and it was humbling for the individual to consider how much further knowledge and discovery had yet to go.On the other hand, the term suffers too from being inadequate a single word is too smaller term for the vast wealth and diversity of discovery, and it could be argued that the era is better realised if seen as a second revolution. Like the Victorian authors themselves we are left with no suitable words to convey the entirety of an era as John Lawton says in his introduction to The Time Machine (1995, p.xxvi) the term Victorian is used too loosely to plow a sequence of eras, the diverse reign of a woman who lent her name to objects as diverse as a railway terminus and a plum.When studying Victorian literature it is worth bearing in mind the fluidity of the time and the changeability which arose out of living on the cusp between the passing away of old values and the unknown territory of the new. Realism recognised the gaps which were forming in society such as the distancing of the self from religion and offered to paper the cracks through its vision of speech people together on a mundane level. Its territory stretched to include the darkest recesses of the mind to the smallest of eve ryday events, celebrating the grey area between extremes as we now know as Victorian.BibliographyArnold, M., Reprint of 1865 ed. dissertations in Criticism With the addition of Two dissertations not hitherto reprinted. London Routledge.Appleman, P, 2001, Darwin. London NortonBeer, G., 2000, Darwins Plots. Cambridge Cambridge University PressBrantlinger, P, 1988, Rule of DarknessBritish Literature and Imperialism. Ithaca, NY Cornell University PressBristow, J., 1991, Empire BoysAdventures in a Mans World. London Harper Collins. Brown, M., 2001, (ed) Picturing Children. Aldershot AshgateBulwer-Lytton, E., 1853, A Strange Story.Analysis of the Term Victorian Through LiteratureAnalysis of the Term Victorian Through LiteratureThe era of Queen Victorias reign witnessed the passing of milestones in social, economic, and personal progress. It was the age of industrialisation, a time of travel, a battleground for the conflict between science and religion. Yet further to these great markers b y which many of us recognise the nineteenth century, and indeed because of them, Victorias reign inspired change within the individual a revaluation of what it meant to be a human being. The literary artists gave new form to the questions on the lips of the society around them questions that were no longer so easily answered by Christianity.This dissertation will explore how the term Victorian does or doesnt fit into the context from which it supposedly arises. I will look at trends such as the development of literary criticism, pioneering scientific discoveries, the exploration into psychic phenomenon, the increasing independence of women, the mapping of the world, all of which contribute to what we know and understand as Victorian, and have in some way shaped the work of authors such as Eliot, Conan Doyle, and H.G Wells. Using some close textual analysis I hope to identify the nature of the inspiration behind the literature of the time and whether or not such work transcends the limits of the term Victorian.Many great literary minds of the time such as Arnold, Dickens, and Ruskin helped define the era in their critical attitudes towards it. (Davis 2002, p.10). Criticism appears to have become a form of exploration in an attempt to turn what concerned and worried the artist into something that questioned and reassured. Arnold, in his dissertations in Criticism (Arnold 1865, p.V) explains how he perceives the difference between logical and artistic thought The truth is I have never been able to ht it off happily with the logicians, and it would be mere affectation in me to give myself the airs of doing so. They imagine truth something to be proved, I something to be seen they something to be manufactured, I as something to be found.It is this growing awareness of difference that was to become a defining feature of Victorian literature. Differences appeared in the very perception of things, which led to feelings of isolation, despair, alienation all prominen t themes in nineteenth century work. In Arnolds A Summer Night (http//whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html) we see the poetic mind struggling to find meaning on a moonlit street where the windows, like hostile faces, are silent and white, unopening downAnd the calm moonlight seems to say Hast thou then still the old unquiet breast That neither deadens into rest Nor ever feels the fiery glow That whirls the spirit front itself away, 30 But fluctuates to and fro Never by passion quite possessd And never quite benumbd by the worlds sway? And I, I know not if to pray Still to be what I am, or yield, and be Like all the other men I see.Arnold recognises that the society around him is unfulfilled, that men are giving their lives to some unmeaning taskwork and he questions whether he should be questioning at all. He is aware of a gap between the reality of working life and life outside of work a difference that he strives to fin d explanation for. Arnold appears to be lost amidst the streets of his own mind afraid of not being able to define who he is, what he is. These feelings in part express what it meant to be a Victorian struggling to place thoughts and feelings which appear to no longer fit into society.The Victorian era contained much of what had past and much of what was still to come it cannot be seen as an isolated time, nor as an isolated term. It contained aspects of the Romantic period for instance in Arnolds poem, The Buried Life, we see vestiges of Wordsworths legacy of Ode to Immortality. In both poems there is a sense of something lost an old passion or instinct that has gone with the passing of time yet Arnold, unlike Wordsworth, finds it more difficult to come to terms with this A longing to inquire / Into the mystery of this heart that beats / So wild, so deep in us, to know / Whence our thoughts come and where they go. (http//www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Bu ried.htm). The language is more passionately discontent than the resolute tone of Wordsworths visionary acceptance We will grieve not, rather find/Strength in what remains behind. (Wordsworth 1928, p.136). The styles are obviously connected, but the trouble with defining the era using literary terminology is that it is clearly neither a quirky extension of the Romantics vision, nor is it a straightforward path to the modernists. The 1870s saw the maturation of authors such as Anthony Trollope who brought out his later novels, yet only twenty years later in 1896 these publications are sitting beside the considerably different form and subject matter of work such as H.G. Wellls The Time Machine and The Island of Dr. Moreau, with literary experiments with the modern such as Richard Jefferies The Story of My Heart (a spiritual autobiography) -occurring between in 1883.A growing concern in nineteenth century life was the potential loss of the Romantic link between human nature and the n atural world, and the gap which sudden industrial progress highlighted between nature and mechanisation. As technology developed so did the notion of artificiality. It is worth noting J.S.Mills dissertation on Nature (Mill 1874, p.65) where he says that it is mans nature to be artificial, to remedy nature by artificial pruning and intervention. Further to this, a contemporary of Mills Richard Jennings also drew a line between the province of human nature and the external world. (Lightman 1997, p.80). In the countryside more efficient methods of farming were employed (see the contrast between Henchards methods and Farfraes ciphering and mensuration in Hardys Mayor of Casterbridge, (Hardy 1886, p.122)), and new machines introduced which no longer required the labour force to run them, encouraging people to migrate to towns and cities.The urban reality was harsh in 1851 roughly four million people were employed in trade and manufacture and mining, leaving only one and a half million in agriculture. (Davis 2002, p.13). City life, as portrayed by Dickens, was a cruel, unhealthy and unwholesome existence for many. Working conditions in cities were often cramped, unhygienic and poorly ventilated, and living conditions could be even worse. Mrs. Gaskell, living in Manchester, witnessed the appalling pressures that these conditions forced upon family life, and in North and South depicts the difficulties of urban living, offering that salvation for the working classes lay with themselves and their employers, working together. However, city life was not all desolate based in cities, the development of the detective novel brought the city back to human scale (Lehan, p.84). Detectives pieced together and reconstructed past events through clues for example, the murder of Bartholomew Sholto in The Sign of Four by Conan DoyleAs far as we can learn, no actual traces of violence were found upon Mr Sholtos person, but a valuable collection of Indian gems which the deceased g entleman had inherited from his father had been carried off. The discovery was first made by Mr Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson () Mr. Athelney Jones, the well-known member of the detective police force, happened to be at the Norwood police station () Mr Jones well-known technical knowledge and his powers of minute observation have enabled him to prove conclusively that the miscreants could not have entered by the door or by the window but must have made their way across the roof of the building, and so through a trapdoor into a room which communicated with that in which the body was found. (p.66)The city provided an exciting backdrop to crime scenes its labyrinthine streets similar to the mapping of the pathways of the human mind so that the two became inextricably linked. As Joseph McLaughlin says in Writing the Urban Jungle, the urban jungle is a space that calls forth a pleasurable acquiescence to something greater, more powerful, and, indeed, sublime () also an imaginative domai n that calls forth heroic action exploring, conquering, enlightening, purifying, taming, besting. (McLaughlin 2000, p.3).Further to what McLaughlin suggests, the Victorians perception of time and space in the city and the countryside was changing radically from the medieval perceptions that still existed in the Romantic period. People saw the finished products in both manufacturing and farming no longer involving the long, drawn-out means to an end, instead the end result was being achieved faster and with more control. Here developed the root of modern industry which continues today in intensive farming and factory lines. Yet here too the beginnings of waste and excess. Richard Jefferies, a nineteenth century naturalist and mystic, known for his dissertations on nature, remarks on the abundance of food in the natural world in his dissertation Meadow ThoughtsThe surface of the earth offers to us far more than we can consume the grains, the seeds, the fruits, the animals, the abound ing products are beyond the power of all the human race to devour. They can, too, be multiplied a thousandfold. There is no natural lack. Whenever there is lack among us it is from artificial causes, which intelligence should remove. (Jefferies 1994, p.26).Unfortunately there was plenty for those who could afford it but not enough to spare for the poorer lower classes. (Ritvo 1997, p.194). Trends of over production and wastage which became a worry in Victorian times are reflected in the literary concerns of Jefferies childrens story, Bevis, where words, despite their abundance, are in danger of becoming an insufficient medium of expression and not filling the metaphysical space on the page. In describing a sunrise and the thoughts and feelings associated with watching it, Jefferies struggles to articulate the beauty before himThe sun had not yet stood out from the orient, but his precedent light shone through the translucent blue. Yet it was not blue, nor is there any word, nor is a word possible to convey the feeling. (Jefferies 1881, p.391)We see too in James Thomsons City of Dreadful Night (Thomson 1892, p.2) the desperateness of trying to articulate thoughts and feelingsBecause a cold rage seizes one at whiles To show the bitter old and wrinkled truth Stripped naked of all vesture that beguiles, False dreams, false hopes, false masks and modes of youth Because it gives some sense of power and passion In helpless impotence to try to fashion Our woe in living words howeer uncouth.In both passages there is a sense of trying to convey so much more than the words will allow. And that is the essence of the problem of defining the era with a word which the era itself selected Victorian like the authors of its time struggles to convey the enormity and the condensed nature of its changing environment. Victorian literature is thus perhaps best studied between the lines of its texts rather than for what it offers at face value. Thomsons words to try to fashion our w oe in living words although appearing dismal could actually withhold a more positive message it deals with the notion of perseverance that by creating words, however difficult, the author is refusing to give in to despair by trying to transform it into creative energy.There is a sense of crisis in the work of Thomson, just as there is to be found in Jefferies futuristic After London where the lone explorer Felix discovers the land after humanity has overreached itself to sociological disaster and has lost the harmonious relationship between mankind and nature. London becomes no more than a crystallised ruin in a ground oozing with poison unctuous and slimy, like a thick oil. (Jefferies 1885, p.205). Through work like this we see that Victorian was an era of possibility where visions of the future suddenly became tangible concerns and possible realities, and where contemporary conceptions of language and life might no longer hold up to the pressures of the time. In H.G. Wells the Time Machine, the time traveller discovers a land in the year 802,701The air was free from gnats, the earth from weeds or fungi everywhere were fruits and sweet and delightful flowers brilliant butterflies flew hither and thither. The ideal of preventative medicine was attained. diseases had been stamped out. I saw no evidence of any contagious diseases during all my stay. And i shall have to tell you later that even the processes of putrefaction and decay had been profoundly affected by these changes. (Wells 1995, p.28)In this description of a futuristic age the Victorian imagination still retains the idea of a paradise a place full of butterflies and flowers. This Christian concept is a literary hangover from Miltons Paradise Lost, and remains an important theme for the moderns such as D.H. Lawrence.The Victorian age suffered from a dualistic split between a bright future on the one hand promised by leaps in technology, education and economical success and an increasingly alien ated, confused society on the other. There were those writers like Huxley who believed that by human intervention within a political and economic framework humans could evolve out of their condition seeing no limit to the extent to which intelligence and will () may modify the conditions of existence (Huxley, 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes Lecture (http//aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html), and there were those like Hardy whose characters were destined to fail because they were not emotionally fitted into the cosmos out of which they evolved .It was the nineteenth century spiritual crisis which precipitated the literary shift into the new genre of the realist novel. By the mid-nineteenth century, society had begun to grow away from the idea of atonement for sin within an omnipotent religion, where judgement would come solely in heaven, and towards the more humanistic idea of God as in-dwelling, so that salvation could be achieved on earthWe have now come to regard the w orld not as a machine, but as an organism, a system in which, while the parts contribute to the growth of the whole, the whole also reacts upon the development of the parts and whose primary purpose is its own perfection, something that is contained within and not outside itself, an internal end while in their turn the myriad parts of this universal organism are also lesser organisms, ends in and for themselves, pursuing each its lonely ideal of individual completeness. (Gore (ed) 1890, p.211)A spiritual lack created a need to define, order and categorise a world that suddenly appeared chaotic. When Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 he raised issues of public concern as to the truth of the bible and the essence of Christianity. However, its content and its methodology were seriously criticised (Appleman 2001, p.200). It was a difficult work to accept as it caused the public to rethink and redefine their history that they were a product of evolution and not a tailor made being came as a shock.The future of thought and literature was suddenly changed as people tried to sew together the threads of the past. Natural Science became a national obsession exotic flora and fauna from across the world were brought into London daily, to be displayed in the British Museum or Kew Gardens (Lightman, 1997 p.1). In literature, we see the author begin to play the part of evolutionist Eliots Middlemarch although concerned with the evolving character of Dorothea Brooke follows the threads of sub-plots and the successes and failures of other characters which form a pattern of development. As Gillian Beer saysThere is not one primitive tissue, just as there is not one key to all mythologies () emphasis upon plurality, rather than upon singleness, is crucial to the developing argument of Middlemarch. (Beer 2000, p.143).Gone is the tradition of the valiant hero or heroine singularly conquering their environment (a trend set by classics such as Homers The Odyssey (1 967)) and in its place a landscape upon which the author grafts and nurtures developing shoots of life. It is this sort of growth that is in danger of remaining unseen to the contemporary historian or critic as it can become shrouded by generalising concepts which are so often prescribed to the term Victorian concepts such as repression, old-fashioned and prudish. (http//www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html).These sort of terms restrict the individuals perception of the era when it was a time when growth was encouraged rather than restricted. Authors used the metaphor of pruning and nurturing plant life to symbolise the development of the self for example in North and South Gaskell discusses the problem of the working individual who struggles to reach his or her potential when the manufacturers are unsparingly cutting away all off-shoots in the direction of literature or high mental cultivation, in hopes of throwing the whole strength and vigour of the plant into commerce. (Gaskel l 1865, p.69).For Gaskell, it is through the everyday interaction between people that such difficulties are given the chance to be overcome. And this was the essence of the realist novel set amidst a world which had witnessed such alteration to transform the lostness felt by society into a seeing of the smaller things in life which could withhold qualities of greater spiritual value. As Philip Davis says, the realist novel was the holding ground, the meeting point, for the overlapping of common life. (Davis 2002, p.144). And it was within this common life that a more calm acceptance of the new state could be achieved. Gillian Beer suggests that through her novels organisation Eliot creates order and understanding of the evolving process of novel-writing. In Middlemarch, the naming of Casaubons books Waiting for Death, Two Temptations, Three Love Problems draws attention to the books organisation by emphasising categorisationBut the process of reading leads into divergence and var iability. Even while we are observing how closely human beings conform in the taxonomy of events we learn how differently they feel and think. For Dorothea and Casaubon waiting for death means something very different from what it means for Mary Garth and Featherstone. The relations are different. The distances between people are different. Lydgate, here at one with the project of the book, longed to demonstrate the more intimate relations of living structure (115225). In this double emphasis on conformity and variability George Eliot intensifies older literary organisations by means of recent scientific theory. In Darwinian theory, variability is the creative principle, but the type makes it possible for us to track common ancestry and common kinship. (Beer 2000, pp.143-4)Writing itself was becoming an almost divine representation, an inner order of a chaotic external world. The idea that humans had evolved from primates meant that the boundaries between what was one thing and what was another were no longer so clearly defined. There developed a fear of the animate and a fear of the inanimate, and efforts were sought to understand them. As Harriet Ritvo says in The Platypus and the MermaidDepending on the beholder, an anomaly might be viewed as embodying a challenge to the established order, whether social, natural, or divine the containment of that challenge the incomprehensibility of the creation by human intelligence or simply the endless and diverting variety of the world. And beholders who agreed on the content of the representation could still disagree strongly about its moral valence whether it was good or bad, entrancing or disgusting. (Ritvo 1997, p.148).In a world where categorisation was important but not so easily achievable, the novel too became neither one thing nor another realism became a melting pot for ideas, a sort of hybrid of styles. In Eliots The Lifted Veil realism is used as a vehicle for the exploration of her ideas into psychology a nd psychic phenomena. Latimers clairvoyance forces him to endure a painful insight into the minds of the people around him I began to be aware of a phase in my abnormal sensibility, to which, from the languid and slight nature of my intercourse with others since my illness, I had not been alive before. This was the obtrusion on my mind of the mental process going forward in first one person, and then another, with whom I happened to be in contact the vagrant, frivolous ideas and emotions of some uninteresting acquaintanceMrs Filmore, for examplewould force themselves on my consciousness like an importunate, ill-played musical instrument, or the loud activity of an imprisoned insect.But this superadded consciousness, wearying and annoying enough when it urged on me the trivial experience of indifferent people, became an intense pain and grief when it seemed to be opening to me the souls of those who were in a close relation to me when the rational talk, the graceful attentions, the wittily-turned phrases, and the kindly deeds, which used to make the web of their characters, were seen as if thrust asunder by a microscopic vision, that showed all the intermediate frivolities, all the suppressed egoism, all the struggling chaos of puerilities, meanness, vague capricious memories, and indolent make-shift thoughts, from which human words and deeds emerge like leaflets covering a fermenting heap.(Eliot 1859, pp.13-14)Latimer is no longer caught up in the web of peoples characters. Eliot plays with the idea that his consciousness has the ability to transcend the mundane the rational talk, the kindly deeds in order to gain insight into an alternative and not so rosy vision of the mechanics of the human mind where thoughts are make-shift and chaotic. The nineteenth century saw the acceptance of the concept of otherworldly phenomena into the working classes. Robert Owen, a social reformer, who influenced the British Labor movement (Oppenheim 1985, p.40) encouraged man y working class Owenites to follow him into the spiritualist fold, where they enthusiastically continued their ongoing search for the new moral world.Interests such as spiritualism and psychology which had previously been more underground pursuits, were brought out into the open. The concept of telepathy, a term coined by Frederic Myers in 1882 (Luckhurst 2002, p.1) even helped to theorize the uneasy cross-cultural encounters at the colonial frontier. (Luckhurst 2002, p.3) These developments suggest that the Victorians felt imbued with the power of their age they felt confident of their ability to communicate on different planes of consciousness. So it could be argued that Victorian was not simply a time devoted to the discovery of the self and the workings of the inner mind, but a time that also focused on the projection of ideas and thoughts outside of the self ideas which themselves stand outside of the category Victorian.In 1869 the Spiritualist composition began selling first as a fortnightly, then as a weekly publication. (Oppenheim 1985, p.45). This draws the discussion to the point of representation the social nature of Victorians seems to suggest that they enjoyed the focus being on themselves. Self-obsession is an aspect of the time which the term Victorian usefully represents by specifically referring to the rule of the Queen the term draws attention to the importance of the individual. The era saw the development of many different styles of fashion and the use of photography. As part of the Freudian influence great importance was placed on childhood and it was during the nineteenth century that the first laws concerning child welfare were passed. (Mavor quoted from Brown (ed) 2001, p.i) The focus on the central, the ego, was paramount. As Mavor says,it was as if the camera had to be invented in order to document what would soon be lost, childhood itself and childhood had to be invented in order for the camera to document childhood (a fantasy of i nnocence) as real. (Brown (ed) 2001, p.27).Perhaps because of societys awareness of change there seems to have been a necessity to record and keep track of the world around. Discovery took place on a much grander scale in the exploration of the world. The British Empire was global, yet as Patrick Brantlinger suggests in Rule of Darkness, (Brantlinger 1988, p.4) imperialism was not generally reflected in the literature of the time. What we do see evidence of however is the mapping of new worlds and territories (Richard Jefferies Bevis).The development of the adventure story suggests that Victorians desired to explore what lay outside of what they knew and in this respect the term Victorian which people can think of as representing a society closed within in itself is misleading. The rise of imperialism began to shape the ideological dimensions of subjects studied in school (Bristow 1991, p.20) and so through literature the Victorian child was offered an exciting world of sophistica ted representation and ideas with the knowledge that the world was theirs to explore. Does the term then encourage us to think of the society as a class of people set apart from the rest of the world?In The Island of Dr. Moreau it is not just the future of science that is explored but the concept of a new territory and its effects on the mind. For example, when the protagonist first sees the beast-servant on board the ship he is immediately frightenedI did not know then that a reddish luminosity, at least, is not uncommon in human eyes. The figure, with its eyes of fire, struck down through all my adult thoughts and feelings, and for a moment the forgotten horrors of childhood came back to my mind. Then the effect passed as it had come. An uncouth black figure of a man, a figure of no particular import, hung over the taffrail, against the starlight. (Wells 1997, p.31).The circumstances of being at sea is disorientating and causes the imagination to play tricks so that the man is fir st one thing a figure with its eyes of fire and then suddenly becomes an uncouth black figure of a man. The effect is that the protagonist suddenly regresses to the forgotten horrors of childhood. This sudden fluctuation is important as it represents the fluidity of the era and how change and discovery on a global scale, although empowering, also caused instability within the individual. Therefore, when considering the age in the context of its name we can understand that the term was perhaps created out of both the desire to represent achievement but also out of a need to belong.This desire to belong which manifested itself during an age ruled by one woman placed great importance on the role of the female in society. It was a time when women began to travel and write without the necessity of using a pseudonym (see Cheryl McEwan on Kingsley in West Africa, (2000, p.73)). In books such as Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles the idea of the fallen woman is tested when Tesss crucial lack of belief in herself causes her never to discover the paradise with Clare that might have been.The nineteenth century began to be more explicit concerning issues of gender for example, the relationship between Arthur Munby and Hannah Cullwick (see McClintock 1995, pp.132-138) where Cullwick is photographed cross-dressed as a farm worker. A Victorian man however appears to have had more stigma attached to him and in this context the term is commonly associated with heroism and English valour (Ridley/Dawson 1994, p.110). There is less flexibility surrounding the notion of Victorian men -as if the term somehow threatened their masculinity. However, this did not seem to affect the male authors of the time. Lewis Carroll captured the public imagination through Alices Adventures in Wonderland, which although following the story of a little girl, depicts many male characters. (see Carroll 2000).In conclusion, the term Victorian although useful to refer to a specific time period in history, does however encourage us to make sweeping generalisations without investigating how diverse the era was. In terms of the subject matter of Victorian Literature there is no clear cut distinction between early, middle and late Victorian for example, Bulwer-Lytton attempts at the beginning of the century what Richard Jefferies does at the end the difference is in style and form. Within that time frame there was condensed an incredible diversity of styles, tastes and attitudes, yet the term suffers from being associated with prejudices and assumptions about Victorians. However, it is worth bearing in mind that prejudices were indeed a part of Victorian society. When the Victorians explored the rest of the world they made generalisations and assumptions based on what they found (eg The Island of Dr. Moreau) where experience and the nature of what is discovered defines behaviour.As a critic in 1858 wrote we are living in an age of transition (quoted from Houghton 1957, p.1) therefor e when considering the Victorian age we should remember that values and trends were evolving it was not a static time governed by repression or old fashioned values. From the research carried out for this dissertation it appears that through the gaining of knowledge, Victorians also realised how little they knew and how much more there was to discover. As Arnold says in A Summer Night How fair a lot to fill / Is left to each man still.(http//whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html). In this context the term Victorian can be dualistically representative discoveries of the time, although revolutionary, were often rudimentary in nature, and it was humbling for the individual to consider how much further knowledge and discovery had yet to go.On the other hand, the term suffers too from being inadequate a single word is too smaller term for the vast wealth and diversity of discovery, and it could be argued that the era is better realised if seen as a second revolution. Like the Victorian authors themselves we are left with no suitable words to convey the entirety of an era as John Lawton says in his introduction to The Time Machine (1995, p.xxvi) the term Victorian is used too loosely to encompass a sequence of eras, the diverse reign of a woman who lent her name to objects as diverse as a railway terminus and a plum.When studying Victorian Literature it is worth bearing in mind the fluidity of the time and the changeability which arose out of living on the cusp between the passing away of old values and the unknown territory of the new. Realism recognised the gaps which were forming in society such as the distancing of the self from religion and offered to paper the cracks through its vision of bringing people together on a mundane level. Its territory stretched to include the darkest recesses of the mind to the smallest of everyday events, celebrating the grey area between extremes as we now know as Vi ctorian.BibliographyArnold, M., Reprint of 1865 ed. dissertations in Criticism With the addition of Two dissertations not hitherto reprinted. London Routledge.Appleman, P, 2001, Darwin. London NortonBeer, G., 2000, Darwins Plots. Cambridge Cambridge University PressBrantlinger, P, 1988, Rule of DarknessBritish Literature and Imperialism. Ithaca, NY Cornell University PressBristow, J., 1991, Empire BoysAdventures in a Mans World. London Harper Collins. Brown, M., 2001, (ed) Picturing Children. Aldershot AshgateBulwer-Lytton, E., 1853, A Strange Story.

Counterculture Paper: Hackers

Counter gardening Paper HackersThroughout history countercultures have emerged that challenge the established norm. Whether they be a free radical of Hippies or the Russian Mafia, they atomic number 18 still considered to be a counterculture which rejects the pre-established norms of the larger cultures and replace them with their own values and practices (Thomas). One modern counterculture is literary hacks. There are three different kinds of hackers, black hat, hoar hat, and white hat. All groups defy the norm, but black hat hackers are more well-known and are often what slew associate with the excogitate hacker.The develop hack first appeared in the English language around 1200 (Yagoda). At that point in time, it did not refer to technology. Hacking began being associated with technology and machines in 1955 at Massach calltts Institute of Technology when it was used to describe someone who used unconventional and creative ways to solve problems (Yagoda). This continued o n until the Jargon Files released octette definitions of the word hacker, the last one referring to a person with malicious intent (Yagoda). When self-proclaimed teenage hackers accessed forbidden information and were subsequently arrested, hacking gained a negative connotation (Yagoda).Since the mid-seventies hackers have infamously stolen money, information, and more from unsuspecting people and companies. There have been a few hackers who have stood out from the rest. Vladmir Levin, a Russian hacker, stole nearly $10 million from Citibank without the use of a computer in 1995 he served three years in prison for his crime (Weissman). Albert Gonzalez stole millions of credit and debit display panel numbers to execute one of the largest identify theft schemes to date he was apprehended and sentenced to 20 years in prison (Weissman). Another Scottish hacker by the name of Gary McKinnon was a computer prodigy by the age of 14 and managed to hack 97 Ameri set up military networks in the early 2000s disdain the U.S.s attempts to extradite McKinnon, he has found asylum in the UK (Weissman). An unidentified Greek hacker who goes by the name Astra accessed confidential information about jet fighters and military-grade aircrafts he then proceeded to sell the stolen information over the span of five years, adding up to $360 million lost by Dassault Group (Weissman).One of the close to infamous hacktivist group is known as Anonymous. Founded in 2003, Anonymous is known for leading online campaigns to vowelize their opinions on political and social events (Weissman). Anonymous is open to anyone who wants to voice their opinion and includes people of all races, religions, political standings, sexual orientations, nationalities, and genders (Sands). With no specific agenda, Anonymous aims to call attention to censorship, government control and freedom of speech anyone is allowed to propose ideas, and members will voice their opinions which leads to the idea being acc epted or rejected by the group as a whole (Sands). With the proper connections, anyone fag end gain access to reproof groups where Anonymous members discuss ideas and their beliefs (Sands). Once an idea is accepted, the group will persistently attack its target in an effort to gain support from the public and leave about change (Sands). Since its birth, Anonymous has grown into one of the most recognizable hacktivist groups that spans the globe, yet has no known leader with their abilities, they have carried out some of the most well-known hacks targeting groups uniform the Church of Scientology, the KKK, and PayPal (Sands).There are three primary classifications for hackers white hat, black hat, and gray hat. White hats are normally security researchers they are hired by companies to find security vulnerabilities and report them to the company to be fixed (Zetter). Black hats are what people normally think of when hearing the word hacker. They are malicious and use their extens ive knowledge of operating systems to steal information such as passwords, credit card numbers, or data (Zetter). after stealing information, they often use it to their advantage to blackmail people or receive money, or they sell it to other hackers or groups for large sums of money (Zetter). colorize hats are a mix of white and black hat hackers. They may sell their information to the government so that they can hack the systems of other criminals or enemies these people may work alone or in groups to accomplish their tasks (Zetter).Over the past few decades, hackers have become increasingly public with their stances and are usually motivated by money and/or the prospect of having their voices heard by people all over the world. Using the sociological perspective, which is the ability to appearance at the hidden meaning behind peoples actions, allows people to analyze why hackers do what they do (Thomas). For hacktivists, like Anonymous, they want to influence social and politica l events. For example, they recently targeted Donald Trump by releasing his personal information this act gives the public insight into their opinion of the current president (Sands). Other people may use hacking to voice their opinions on animal cruelty or other controversial topics, like abortion. Sociological imagination, which involves seeing the connection between ones life and the larger world, can also be applied to observing hackers (Thomas). Some hackers work on a large scale, but their actions have encouraged changes that affect us all day. For example, hackers motivate companies to install strong firewalls to prevent people like Kevin Mitnick from hacking government organizations, like the NSA (Weissman). This indirectly effects our lives, even if we do not see the consequences.Ethnocentrism and pagan relativism are both used to make judgements about a culture. Ethnocentrism involves comparing one culture to another, while cultural relativism involves making judgments about a culture using their own standards (Thomas). Larger society sees hackers as a counterculture because they compare their norms to hackers norms. When doing this, they automatically view their culture as superior and look down on hackers, which aided in the negative connotation associated with the word. Hackers, however, employ cultural relativism, which does not involve comparing themselves to another culture, to judge whether or not their actions are acceptable. This can explain why black hat hackers do not look at their actions as being punishable this could also be why groups like Anonymous are so motivated and do not see anything wrong with targeting groups and organizations that do not agree with their views.Exploring the world of hackers has allowed me to see the world with their eyes if only for a moment. I can understand why hackers exploit people and organizations, but I do not agree with their views. I entrust in freedom of speech, but I do not believe in secretly hacking companies to voice their opinions. It almost seems like cheating, and I believe that there are legal ways to start a movement and bring about change that do not involve stealing information. As for black hats that are simply in it for the money, I do not support their actions in the slightest. I believe that they could use their talents to get a business concern that would still pay enough money to live comfortably. Hackers have played a significant role in molding modern society, and I do not see them going away soon. However, I am glad that they have kept the government on their toes. With that being said, hacking has create by mental actd, and will continue to evolve as technology becomes more advanced. I am excited to see what the future holds and what role hackers play in it.Works CitedSands, Geneva. ABC News. 19 walk 2016. 10 frame 2017.Thomas, W. LaVerne. Sociology The Study of Human Relationships. Austin Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2003.Weissman, Cal Guthrie. Bu siness Insider. 10 April 2015. 9 March 2017.Yagoda, Ben. A Short History of Hack. The New Yorker 6 March 2014.Zetter, Kim. Wired. 13 April 2016. 11 March 2017.

Analysis Of Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay

Analysis Of Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Management EssayCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important societal issue that also gains pulsing in the food retail pains (Tulder et al., 2007). In an approach to canvas the CSR activities, this report presents the CSR activities of Tesco, which is unmatched of the blend ining retailers. Further this report analyses the market and non market environment, which explains the intimate and external alignment as important factors to understand the design and the development of the companies CSR activities and motivations.The CSR business models in the retail industry are inclined towards the management of the cater chains. These models tell the firms what to do or how to do in general, to respond to the challenges and transplants in the retail industry, but do not provide sophisticated analytical models to meditate the actual position of the company and delineate the trajectories to change positions. (Tulder et al., 2007)CSR Corporate Social Responsibility is considered to be the future of all organizations in general and the retail industry in specific. However the firms brace to be more active on the categorization of CSR activities and on how the consistent implementation in the retail organization and in their distribution channels could be obtained. (Tulder et al., 2007)Tesco plc is worlds third largest, British inter field of study grocery and general merchandising retail chain with operations in 14 countries. It is the largest British retailer by both global sales and domestic market share, with profits exceeding 3 billion, and the third largest global retailer based on r horizontalue, behind Wal-Mart and Carre quadruplet. They cater for all sections of the market, with ranges spanning from premium ranges, as well as specialist ranges much(prenominal) as Organic, Fairtrade and Healthy Living. They are also into Non-food ranges accounted for 21% of conference turnover in 2008 and incl ude electrical goods, books, home-ware, sports equipment, personal finance and clothing. (Tesco, 2009)We understand that our success comes from behaving responsibly and earning the trust of our customers, suppliers and stakeholders. There are many complex issues that we have to face on a daily basis, from reducing our environmental impact to ensuring consistent standards across our markets. (Tesco, 2009). Corporate responsibleness represents an entire approach to business and is consequently embodied in Tescos governance framework to ensure that the company operates in a responsible and safe way.In general embodied responsibility is imbed in the following categories Tesco CSR ApproachEnvironmentCommunitySupplier and Ethical TradingCustomers, choice healthPeopleKPIsTesco CSR ActivitiesThe preceding(prenominal) approach integrates corporate responsibility in Tescos day-to-day business activities by admiting fair trade and taking customers, staff, communities and suppliers into c onsideration, as well as the environment and society.EducationEducation is one of the key areas of Tescos activities including a compact with I CAN, a charity that function of processs children with speech and language difficulties, or offering scholarships and establishing cultural community centres. A specific class is the Computers for Schools programme aimed at schools. Tesco provides schools with computers and supports the use of new technologies in different countries (Tesco, 2007).CharityThe Tesco Charity Trust was established in 1987 to support national and local communities qualification grants to charities within the UK (Tesco, 2007).Tesco dedicates 1% of pre-tax profits to good causes and supports charities as well as staff fundraising. In addition the companys supports the Race for Life fundraising event which focuses on cancer research and initiated the Tesco Charity of the Year (Tesco, 2007).Every year Tesco chooses a community charity close to the heart of its s taff and customers which becomes the main focus for staff fundraising and receives 20% top-up of the Tesco Charity Trust. For example the charity chosen for 2005 is Age Concern, an initiative concentrating on supporting older people in the UK by providing services such(prenominal) as day care and fulfilling randomness needs for topics such as care, money and finance, health, disabilities or neighbourhood issues (Tesco, 2007).EnvironmentIn terms of environmental protection Tesco has coordinated its corporate responsibility in its environmental management including topics such as emissions, resources, waste recycling and the companys products. Among others the issues covered are organic food, animal welfare, green embark and travel and vehicle efficiency. Furthermore Tesco is also concerned with energy efficiency and water consumption as well as its environmental impact in terms of its operations and customers (Tesco, 2007).Wildlife choice for example is an initiative requiring fa rmers to consider wildlife on their farms. They agree to improve operations and monitor their impact on farmland habitats providing habitats for wildlife such as a farm in the Midlands for example (Tesco, 2007). Tesco works closely with suppliers and farmers to protect wildlife.Tesco Market and Non-Market Environment AnalysisIn this report an approach to break down the market and non market environments is done with the help of soul and using various frame works same(p) An integrated framework (Baron, 1995 2005 32). Also by understanding the non market environment The 4IsSystematic LevelOrganisational LevelIndividual LevelAn Analysis a case analyzed by Lets clean up fashionIssue related to living employsPayment of living wages -workers being paid below living wage levels.Tescos focus on primarily on productivity projects.We believe that sustainable improvements to wages are most often delivered through improved productivity, up skilling workers and working to ensure our purch asing practices support our suppliers ability to invest in their workforce. (Tesco, CSR Report 2009)It lists specific wage and wage-related work under the following headingsEnsuring we understand the scale and nature of the issue. Activities Wage surveys and worker interviews in Bangladesh (Tesco, 2007).Setting clear expectations.Activities Lobbying government in Bangladesh to improve minimum wages, MFA Forum (Tesco, 2007).Supporting suppliers to improve productivity.Activities Lengthening lead times, producing seasonal items out of season to help suppliers plan production, rewarding ethical suppliers, expanding in-country ethical experts (Tesco, 2007).Building long-term traffichips to enable investment in workers. Activities Consolidating the supplier base, offering business support to A-list suppliers (Tesco, 2009).Tesco accept that some(a) minimum wage levels are unacceptably low and have conducted a wage survey with a supplier in Bangladesh (lets clean up fashion, 2009).Tescos Plans on Living takingsIts main focus for wages work is to continue with the ETI wages project.This concourse has experienced some delays over the last year payable to its focus on Bangladesh and that countrys political and industrial instability. However, it stated that, useful work has been shared, including by us, in the areas of productivity, efficiency, worker engagement, work flow, and purchasing practices. Following the summer this group will re-convene to decide on how to move forward. Building on this work, we will review further initiatives of our own specifi knelly in Bangladesh on productivity and wage improvements. (Tesco CSR Report, 2009)In an analysis done by the Lets Clean up fashion,Tesco seem to have made little progress towards living wages. Surveys in Bangladesh, showing the genteelness grade for workers being manipulated by suppliers for extended periods of time, informed a small piece of work to improve wages but this merely brought pay packets up to the le gal minimum standard and no more.Tescos belief that productivity is the best route to living wages seems to have ousted a hail of other options, such as support for freedom of association and a proper examination of pricing. Its focus on up skilling workers as a part of these improvements may be helpful for individual groups but doesnt achieve an across the board rise in wages. It is also unclear how it plans to ensure more skilled and expensive workers are not replaced by new, lower paid, unskilled workers. Furthermore, Tesco makes no mention of any work to ensure worker involvement in any of its projects, which makes us even less convinced that its productivity plans are likely to lead to any real benefit to workers.Tescos work with suppliers on purchasing practices offering longer lead times, producing out of season, ensuring long-term supplier relationships, and offering business advice could bring about some improvement. Last year it also acknowledged that price needed to be e xamined, but no progress seems to have been made in this area and no mention was made of plans to move this forward.Lets hope Tescos engagement in the ETI Wages Project over the coming year will see it start to output wage projects of its own, and give serious attention to delivering the living wages judge from a retailer of this size and influence (lets cleanup fashion, 2009).Tescos Position on Relationships with CustomersTesco tries to keep its prices as low as possible than most of the other national superstores. Tesco has an online Price checker, to show its low prices to its customers, through which customers can compare Tescos prices with those of other super markets (CRR, 2006). Price, though, is not the only factor. Value for money, as Tesco describes, includes the quality of the products, the personal service of their staff and the pleasant surroundings in their stores (AR, 1995). Tesco has become big by being like Britain. As Britons became more middle-class, Tesco follow ed them up market (Econ,2005).Tescos Position on SuppliersThe retail sector has a high increasing purchasing power, which can be used to cut prices and put pressure on the suppliers (cf. Fearne et al., 2005). Since Tesco is one of the four major global retailers, It is said that suppliers fear to complain about Tesco as they fear being struck off by the retailer (FT2005 FT2005). Tesco however mentions that it takes a partnership approach while working with suppliers, sharing their knowledge and listening to suppliers feedback, providing technical expertise, advice and insight into customer trends and making regular payment, on time (AR, 2007). Tesco monitors its relations with suppliers through the Supplier Viewpoint Survey. Their target is that 90% of UK suppliers view Tesco as being trustworthy, reliable, consistent, clear, helpful and fair (92% in 2008, 94% in 2007). In 2007 the worldwide suppliers have started taking part in the Supplier Viewpoint Survey (88%) (AR, 2008). Tesco fully supports the legally binding Supplier Code of Practice. In March 2005, the contribution of Fair Trading (OFT) audit found no breaches of the Supplier Code at Tesco (CRR, 2006) nor in 2006 (CRR, 2007). In 2005 rival companies and industry groups accused Tesco of slowing carry out the Office of Fair Tradings investigation during its early stages. The OFTs main concerns included claims that the supermarkets were slow to pay suppliers, required them to contribute to marketing costs and insisted on retrospectively changing contracts (FT, 2005). The investigation revealed that over the past five years, the amount owed to creditors by Tesco had risen by 1.5bn pounds, money it had used to help finance its growth (FT, 2005).Motivations and collaborationsAn attempt to analyze Tescos Motivations and its collaborations is done by using the following theoriesStrategy TheoryStakeholder TheoryAgency TheoryLegitimacy TheoryAn AnalysisTesco is engaged in number of NGOs and charity organisa tions. Tesco was engaged withThe Soil Association on extending the organic rangeThe Fairtrade Foundation to promote Fairtrade Fortnight and encourage more customers to choose FairtradeDiabetes UK on providing information for customers living with diabetesThe British Red Cross on responding to disasters and emergenciesMarine Conservation Society and Marine Stewardship Council on sustainable seafood sourcingGreenpeace on sustainable sourcing and climate changeFriends of the Earth on palm oil, prawn sourcing and GM animal feedActionAid and Women on Farms on labour standards in fruit farms in SouthAfrica. (CRR, 2006)Tesco is a corporate partner of Forum for the Future and work together on a broad range of sustainability issues.we held a nationwide Community Conference in partnership with the British Red Cross and the Work Foundation. This brought together voluntary groups, charities, businesses and government to explore the role of business in local communities (CRR, 2008 CRR, 2007).Wit h regards to economic development, the 2005 Make impoverishment History campaign place increased trade as one of three key means of eliminating poverty. Tesco sources products from farms in 15 African countries (CRR, 2006). Tesco actively supports communities bowlful sponsoring certain activities like the collaboration with Age Concern to raise 2 million for projects including Fight the Freeze buying blankets and heaters for the elderly paying for volunteersto regularly call the elderly to stop them feeling isolated, and raising money to pay for meals and provide company for the elderly (CRR, 2006). Tesco aims to give at least 1% of pre-tax profits to charity. In 2007 they succeeded with 1.95% (CRR, 2008) and in 2006 as well with 1.63% of pre-tax profits to charities and good causes (CRR, 2007). Tesco has also supported communities in crisis. In 2007, 250.000 pound was donated to people affected by extreme conditions conditions.Tesco is a founder member of the Ethical Trading In itiative (ETI) and expects all their suppliers to follow the ETI Base Code (CRR, 2006). The ETI Base Code includes among others freedom of association and the practiced to collective bargaining, no use of child labour and no excessive working hours (CRR, 2008)Tesco has with four other global retailers formed the Global Social respectfulness Programme to develop a code of practice. The GSCP has agreed a draft Reference Code between the 25 leading retailers and manufacturers currently involved. Next step involve the development of an audit checklist to ensure the Code is interpreted consistently around the world (CRR, 2008). In 2005 Tesco appointed a Code Compliance officer to act as a contact point for suppliers in case they have complaints and dont want to discuss these with Tesco buyers (CRR, 2008). Tesco participates in multi-stakeholder groups on corporate responsibility issues like condescension in The Community, The Ethical Trading Initiative, the Carbon Roundtable, GM Fre eze Roundtable, Forest Stewardship Council Retailers mathematical group, British Retail onsortium Corporate Responsibility Policy Advisory Group and the DEFRA Climate Leaders Group. The Executive Committee, Corporate Responsibility Committee and Compliance Committee are to help guide and monitor the set policies.ConclusionFrom the above discussions, it can be concluded that Tesco faces some severe in-coherence in its market and non market environments. On several issues such as environment the company has identified opportunities and taken many interesting (and active) initiatives, whereas in other instances the company behaves rather re-active. This corresponds with the in-coherent nature of its internal alignment strategy. The company is having difficulties with aligning some active intents, express through its KPIs with a re-active strategy (Tulder et al., 2007). Major challenge for Tesco, therefore, is how to create coherence through increased coordination and sustain the tran sition towards a more pro-active approach.ReferencesEthical business initiative. Downloaded from http//www.cleanupfashion.co.uk/companies/tesco.php. as of 9th March 2010.Tesco CSR 2009 report. Downloaded from http//www.investis.com/plc/cr09/crr09.pdf as of 5th March 2010.Tulder, R. van, M. Bleijenbergh, M. Danse, R. Wiersinga and M. Torppe, (2007) CSR Business Models and change trajectories in the retail industry. Downloaded from http//www.fairtradegemeenten.nl/uploads/news/december%202009/CSR%20business%20models.pdf as of 5th March 2010.Tesco countersign Article 6 (2007). Downloaded from http//www.tesco.com/talkingtesco/news/?page=article6 as of 6th March 2010.Tesco regulatory news part 2 (2008). Downloaded from http//www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573XHYPERLINK http//www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573Xt=popup_rnsHYPERLINK http//www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573Xt=popup_rnst=popup_rns as of 9th march 2010.Advfn final news (2008). Downloaded from http//www.advfn.com/news_Final-Results_27119452.html as of seventh March 2010.Tesco reports (2008). Downloaded from http//www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200806301833069573X as of 7th march 2010.Tesco News from Interceder (2010). Downloaded from http//interceder.net/news/Tesco as of 7th March 2010.Tesco CR Strategy (2010). Downloaded from http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/cr_strategy/ as of 7th March 2010.Tesco news (2010). Downloaded from http//www.freebase.com/view/en/tesco as of 7th March 2010.Tesco CSR review (2005). Downloaded from http//www.tesco.com/csr/e/e4_1.html as of 7th March 2010.Tesco community promises (2009). Downloaded from http//www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9HYPERLINK http//www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1HYPERLINK http//www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1PID=35HYPERLINK http//www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID= 1HYPERLINK http//www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1LID=1 as of 7th March 2010.Tesco at a glance (2009). Downloaded from http//www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/tesco_at_a_glance/ as of 7th March 2010.Larry File, cornwall foundation case study Gingers presentation. Downloaded from http//www.cornwallfoundation.com/ways_to_give/CSRtalk22.1.10.htm as of 7th March 2010.Tesco ethical progress (2008). Downloaded from http//www.tesco.ie/crreview08/ethical-progress5.html as of 7th March 2010.Business and human rights resource centre. Downloaded from http//www.business-humanrights.org/Search/SearchResults?SearchableText=china+footwear as of 7th March 2010.Risks and uncertainities, Tesco CSR report page2 (2009). Downloaded from http//www.tescoplc.com/annualreport09/businessreview/risks_uncertainties/2/ as of 8th March 2010.Tesco news FT (2009). Downloaded from http//www.ft.com/cms/s/10613232-a507-11db-b0ef-0000779e2340,_i_rssPage=80830b5e-3018-11da-ba9 f-00000e2511c8.html as of 8th March 2010.Tesco reports. Downloaded from http//www.flex-news-food.com/pages/8283/Tesco/tesco-preliminary-results-20062007.html as of 8th March 2010.

Comparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Jane Austen Essay example -- compari

Comparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Jane Austen Undisputedly, F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the worlds great writers, with a unique style of writing recognisable to any learned reader. His use of similes and metaphors is distinguished, and the issues he presents to the reader and the counsel in which he conveys them are both effective and thought provoking. Fitzgerald licks many profound statements in his work, and his comments on society and values are subtle, yet unmistakable. Jane Austen similarly makes comments on society, however they are of different time periods and therefore have ideas distinct from each other. Undoubtedly Austen is a source of high culture in any case on account of her characterisation, strong sense of satire, and contrast of ideals, Austen has certainly contributed to the societys remembrance of past worlds and elapsed social values. One of the contributing factors to Fitzgeralds writing was the era in which his plots, and indeed his own life, were set. His first novel, This Side Of Paradise, was published in 1920, a time when the younger generations, who had fought in the first world war, turned to wild and degraded living to overcome the shock of death. After this novel, Fitzgerald became a celebrity, and fell into a wild, reckless lifestyle of parties and decadence. Many of the events from this early stage of his life appear in The Great Gatsby, which was published in 1925. It is the issues presented in this novel that illustrate the main context of his work- adultery, depression, social facades, death, crime, self-deception, infatuation, and of course, the American Dream. Austens works were written in a entirely different timeframe where social attitudes towards women, ma... ...rtfordshire with the design of selecting a wife, as I certainly did. Austen illustrates the trivial yet proud nature of this man by his choice of language- his loquacious, newsy style ultimately makes the reader lose any respect they may have had for him in previous chapters, and his words do not serve to make him a believable, genuine character- the repeated use of personal pronouns such as I and my also futher this conclusion. Although these methods are contrasting, both are effectual, and indeed this can be state about both authors, whose different techniques and approaches to their work are each effective and certainly contributing influences on todays literature. Works CitedFitzgerald, F. Scott. This Side of Paradise. in the buff York Simon and Schuster, 1975.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York Macmillan, 1992.

Free Essays - Troubled Holden in Catcher in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

Troubled Holden in Catcher in the Rye           In J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield is portrayed as a young, troubled individual. He tells us his story from the mental institution where he is currently residing.    Holden refuses to acknowledge his emotions in regard to the death of his brother Allie. In answer to Allies death, Holden hides from himself, his true feelings about change, death and relationships with other people. He does not realize that his Allie died of leukemia three years before this story takes place. Holden speaks highly of his brother. He discusses how Allie was younger than him barely fifty times as smart. Holden also tells us that Allie was much more mature for his age then he should have been. This is the basis of Holdens fear of development and change. The more you grow, the closer to death you find yourself and death is the ultimate change.           Reveling in innocence, perfectness, and being untouched by change is the most comfortable pattern of donjon for Holden               In chapter 5 when Holden is waiting for Ackley to get             ready to go to town, he looks out of the window of his             room, opens it, and packs a snowball from the snow             on the window ledge. He begins to throw it at a parked             car, besides doesnt because the car looked so nice and             white. Then he aims at a fire hydrant, but stops again             because that also looks too nice and white. Finally             he decides not to throw it at anyth ing and closes the             window...What Holden sees through the window is for             him a optic embodiment of what he unconsciously             seeks a state of Being which is distinct from the flux             of this world of Becoming, with its corruption, violence,             noise, decay and death. (Burrows 84)         When Holden talks to us about how much he loves the museum, he says that the museum is great because everything just stays behind a piece of glass and does not change. Some things should not change. He is really saying that he doesnt want to change the way Allie changed. Also, he says