History of Plato Essay

Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a rich history of policy-making connections including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos p bents were Ariston and Perict nonpareil, his older br otherwises were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and keep until well subsequently he was twenty, lead to the decline of the Athenian Empire.The fightfare was followed by a rabid conservative religious movement that lead to the work of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. The biographical tradition is unanimous in its observation that Plato engaged in many forms of poetry as a young man, only subsequent turning to philosophy. Aristotle tells us that sometime during Platos y offh the philosopher-to-b e became acquainted with the doctrines of Cratylus, a student of Heraclitus, who, along with other Presocratic opineers such as Pythagoras and Parmenides, provided Plato with the foundations of his metaphysics and epistemology.Upon group meeting Socrates, however, Plato directed his inquiries toward the question of virtue. The formation of a noble character was to be before all else. Indeed, it is a mark of Platos brilliance that he was to find in metaphysics and epistemology a host of moral and political implications. How we think and what we take to be real have an important role in how we act. Thus, Plato came to believe that a philosophical comportment toward life would lead one to being just and, ultimately, happy.It is difficult to determine the precise chain of events that led Plato to the intricate web of beliefs that unify metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and politics into a undivided inquiry. We can be certain, however, that the establishment of a government by Sparta ( aft(prenominal) the bedlam of Athens final defeat in 404), and the events that followed, dramatically affected the focussing of his thinking. Following the turmoil of the war, a short eight month oligarchical tyranny hold upn as the xxx Tyrants governed Athens.Two of Platos relatives, Critias (his takes uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) vie roles in this regime. Critias was identified as one of the much extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a usance/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The oligarchy made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the Thirty ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis.Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the Thirty with a new and nigh radical democracy. A general amne sty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the Thirty, public sentiment had moody against him, and he now had the reputation of being profoundly anti-democratic.In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for(p) for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the y let onh, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and lovable in unusual religious practices. During his trial, which is documented in Platos Apology, Socrates explained that he had no interest to engage in politics, because a certain providential sign told him that he was to foster a just and noble life-style within the young men of Athens. This he did in casual conversations with whomever he happened to meet on the streets.When Socrates told the royal court that if set free, he would not divulge this practice, claiming that he must follow the voice of his god over the dictates of the state, the court found him guilty (though by a narrow margin), and he was penalize one month later. This final sequence of events must have weighed heavy on Plato, who then turned away from politics, somewhat jaded by the unjust behavior of the Thirty, disappointed by the follies of the democracy, and forever affected by the execution of Socrates.At this point Plato left Attica with other friends of Socrates and spent the contiguous twelve years in travel and study. During this period, he sought discover the philosophers of his day. He met with the wise-men, priests, and prophets of many different lands, and he apparently studied not only philosophy but geometry, geology, astronomy, and religious matters. His exact itinerary is not known, but the earliest accounts report that Plato left Athens with Euclides and went to Megara from w present he went to overthrow Theodorus in C yrene. From there he went to Italy to study with the Pythagoreans (including Philolaus and Echecrates mentioned in the Phaedo), and then after Italy he went to Egypt.Whether or not Plato began to write philosophical dialogues prior to Socrates execution is a matter of debate. But most scholars agree that shortly after 399 Plato began to write extensively. Although the order in which his dialogues were create verbally is a matter of operose debate, there is some consensus about how the Platonic corpus evolved. This consensus divides Platos books into three broad groups. The first group, generally known as the Socratic dialogues, was probably written between the years 399 and 387.These texts are called Socratic because here Plato appears to remain relatively close to what the historical Socrates advocated and taught. One of these, the Apology, was probably written shortly after the death of Socrates. The Crito, Laches, Lysis, Charmides, Euthyphro, Hippias Minor and Major, Protagora s, Gorgias and Ion, were probably written throughout this twelve year period as well, some of them, like the Protagoras and Gorgias, most likely at its end. Plato was forty the first time he visited Italy.in short thereafter, he returned to Athens and founded the academy, located nearly a mile outside(a) the city walls and named after the Attic hero Academus. The Academy included a nice grove of trees, gardens, a gymnasium and many shrines including one apply to Athena herself, the goddess of the city. Plato created his own cult association, setting aside a bunch of the Academy for his purposes and dedicating his cult to the Muses. Soon this school became rather well-known on account of its common meals and sympotic lifestyle, modified, of course, to suit a new agenda.Indeed, Platos Academy was famed for its moderate eating and talk as well as all the appropriate sacrifices and religious observances. Overshadowing all of that was, of course, its philosophical activity. It seems that over the adjoining twenty six years Platos philosophical speculation became more profound and his dramatic talents more refined. During this period, what is sometimes called Platos middle or transitional period, Plato could have written the Meno, Euthydemus, Menexenus, Cratylus, Republic, Phaedrus, Symposium and Phaedo.These texts differ from the earlier in that they move toward the grand metaphysical speculation that provides us with many hallmarks of Platonism, such as the method of hypothesis, the recollection theory and, of course, the theory of ideas, or forms, as they are sometimes called. In 367 Dionysus of Syracuse died, leaving his son as the compulsory ruler of a growing empire. Dion, his uncle and guardian, persuaded young Dionysus II to send for Plato, who was to do as his personal tutor. Upon arriving, Plato found the situation unfavorable for philosophy, though he attempted to teach the young ruler anyway.In 365, Syracuse entered into war, and Plato returned to Athens. (Around the analogous time, Platos most famous pupil, Aristotle, entered the Academy. ) In 361, Dion wrote Plato begging him to return. Reluctantly, Plato did so, setting out on his third and final voyage to Italy. But the situation had deteriorated beyond hope. Plato was soon spirited out of Syracuse from where he went back to Athens. We know little of the remaining thirteen years in Platos life. in all likelihood sick of his wanderings and misfortunes in Sicily, Plato returned to the philosophical life of the Academy and, most likely, lived out his days conversing and writing.During this period, Plato could have written the so-called later dialogues, the Parmenides, Theatetus, Sophist, Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus and Laws, in which Socrates plays a relatively minor role and the metaphysical speculation of the middle dialogues is meticulously scrutinized. Plato died in 347, leaving the Academy to Speusippus, his sisters son. The Academy served as the model fo r institutions of higher learning until it was closed by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE, almost one thousand years later.