Importance of Quality and Quality Management

Importance of Quality and Quality Management guide OF forestIn todays competitive world producing world class returns. In order to survive in the competitive world market producing different crossing with take up techniques, it is important for the firms to take extra mileage to the feel of point of intersection and service they provide. In the recent world consumer argon aw atomic number 18 of the products and service provided by the other firms. Also today there atomic number 18 government empahasis on the tint issues of the products. So firms exit extra emphasis on lineament and productivity. Total timberland guidance is an attempt in this direction. In other words it is an run to take the advantage of competitive market by stressing on the giving medicational operations which is important for the clients, by providing guests best product and go using new manufacturing techniques.Definition of eccentricThe keep downity of features and characteristics of a prod uct or service that bear on its ability to satisfy say or implied needsQuality is the extent to which products and services satisfy the requirement of sexual and external customersSo the Quality Management is the leadership, infrastructure and the resources that support employees as they meet the needs of those customers.A fictitious character product or service is one that satisfies the customer. Usu every last(predicate)y there argon two types of products step1) Quality of practiceQuality of design measure the utilitarianity of a product or services. It is the decision of designer to include or exclude certain production features. The customer re every last(predicate)y measures type through appearance, operation and reliability.2) Quality of surgical operationQuality of operation measures how products and services match the intent of the design. This characteristic tralatitiously has been the focus of a bore way program. In this regard, timberland refers to doing it right at offset time. burn downES TO QUALITYThere atomic number 18 2 arisees to lumberTRADITIONAL APPROACH tralatitious approach to character uses an acceptable quality level that permits a certain level of defects to a product produced and sold. The AQL is where level of defects are al wiped out(p)ed to calumniate the total quality price. Traditional approach believes that the defects leave payoff the failure equal and measure and appraising be. As prevention and estimate cost increase, the internal and external cost are expected to decrease. As long the failure cost are greater than the corresponding increase in prevention and appraisal cost it is acceptable.THE MODERN APPROACHModern approach is to GET IT RIGHT FIRST TIME. It believes in total quality accountant and enchant the optimal quality cost with cypher defects are produce. For firms operating in the advanced manufacturing environment quality is a critical dimension. Quality cost asshole be managed differentl y then implied by the traditional AQL model. Defects lot be reduce below the AQL level and quality cost can be reduced simultaneouslyTHE COST OF QUALITYMarket shares of many firms invite eroded because of the firms using high quality products have been able to sell mare than the products of lower price. In order to compete in the market, firms have placed quality precedent to the price. Firms have placed emphasis on quality and productivity in order toProduce saving such as reducing make over cost andImprove product quality.Cost of quality is the cost due to poor quality which exist in the product. Quality cost are the cost incurred byinvesting in the prevention of non-abidance to requirementappraising a product or service for conformance to requirementFailing to meet requirement.Cost of quality are classify into three categoriesPrevention costPrevention costs are those cost incurred to prevent defects. Amount worn-out(a) on the quality training program, research to determine the customer requirement and improve production equipment are the prevention cost.Appraisal costAppraisal cost are the cost associated with measuring, evaluating and auditing product or services to assure conformance to quality standards and performance requirement. These cost includes the cost of inspection of product purchase in execute or in final or service audits ie the costs associate with products supplies and materials hardship costFailure cost are cost resulting from products or services not fulfilling the requirements of the users need. Failure costs can be either internal or external.Internal costs are the cost occurring prior to deli actually of products or furnishing the services. Example cost of scrape, process, reinspection, retesting, material review and down grading.External costs are the cost occurring after the delivery of product or during furnish services to the customer. Example work oning customer complains, returns, warranty claims and product reclaim.Tot al quality warinesstotal Quality Management is a ball-shaped customer orientated management philosophy, which encompasses all actions, values and beliefs of an organisation which aims to invariablely improves and maintain quality standards. It is a regular approach to education, management and operation designed to focus and co-ordinate the efforts of all employees in an organisation.TQM is support by two key beliefs that quality is what the customers say it is and that moldiness be thoroughly integ ordaind into the framework of the organisation including its basic strategies, culture and management systems. It is an essential pursuit for total quality. It is zero defect approach. It emphasises the conduct level of quality where zero defective goods are produced. This approach opposes the traditional belief of acceptable quality level which accepts to produce and sell predetermined defective units. This approach allows some defects in order to minimize the total quality cost.St udies indicate that cost of poor quality is 20%for the manufacturing and 30% service industries of the rank sale. Quality expert maintain that the optimal quality level should be about 2.5% of sales. The accounting dept is the major(ip) force in the firm that keep track of and report on qualityPRINCIPLES OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENTMaking the product right first time is the main objective of total quality management. Successful implementation of TQM program will reduce cost than increasing it. It is obvious that better quality will increase productivity. This principal is based on the principle that when less time is spent on repairs and rework and more time is given on manufacturing will increase productivity.When an organisation keep the straight records of cost of quality tqm will demonstrate that effective total quality measure cost will payoff the cost of repair and rework. Elimination of high reject rate results in fewer repairs, rework or scraps resulting in reduction in cos t. Comparing the cost of quality with tqm is necessary for the management who are cost conscious in both industry and government. Management will measure the supremacy of tqm on the basis of cost data. Successful implementation of tqm can eliminate the following costs work on or repairsInspection of reworkTesting of reworkWarranty costReturned materialsDiscounts ad justment and allowancesThe cost of prevention in tqm is far lower than the above failure costs.FEATURES OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENTA systematic way to improve the product and servicesA structured approach in identifying and solving hassleA long term method of quality controlA process support by managements actionA process that is supported by statistical quality controlA technique practice by everyone.ELEMENTS OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENTA focus on the customers-Any functional unit has customers whether they are external customer or internal units. tqm advocates that the managers and employee are so customer focus that t hey endlessly try to meet or exceed customers expectations. The management must accept invention that quality gets customer orders and meet the customers needs and expectations which is the stretagic goal of tqmLong term commitmentsExperience shows that significant gains come lone(prenominal) after management makes long time commitment to improve quality. Customer focus must be constantly renewed to keep that goal foremost.Top management support and directionThe top management must be driving force behind tqm. Senior manager must show their person-to-person support by using the quality receipts concept in their management style and providing fiscal and staff support.Employee involvementFull employee participation is the integral part of this process. Every employee must participate in achieving this goal. It involves managers, supervisors and employees in amend service delivery, solving systematic conundrums and correcting errors in the all the parts of production process. in force(p) and Renewed Communications.The power of internal communication is primordial to employee involvement. Regular communication must be do at all levels in order to adjust its way of involvement and reinforce the commitment to total quality management.Reliance on standards and MeasuresStandard and measures should reflect customers requirement and changes that needs to be introduced in the internal business of providing this requirement. This emphasis doing the right thing right the first time.Commitment to TrainingTraining is very important for the success of total quality management. This should start for the top level management to all associated with this task. Areas requisite for concentration must be identified. Required trainings skills and courses need to be provided to the person involved in.Modern approach to quality are associated with a number of GURUS. The modern approach to quality is reflected in the following quality gurus. The modern era of quality was heral d by the following gurus.W. EDWARDS DEMINGW. Edwards Deming, also known as have of quality control in 1951. He was an American statistician, professor, author, lecturer and consultant. He is well known for change quality production in America though he was recognised for his work more in Japan. After World War II he travelled to Japan at the request of Japanese government to assist its industries in improving productivity and quality. He taught that by adopting appropriate principles of management, organization can increase quality and reduce cost at the same time. His basic premise was that high quality is equal to lower cost. If you get it right first time then there are marginal prevention, detection remaking cost. His philosophy is summarised in his 14 key principles.Create a culture of perseverance of purpose towards improving of product and services. ie replace short reaction with long term planning. drive the new philosophy. ie the implication is that management should ad opt the philosophy instead of expecting the workforce to do so. stop over dependence on inspection if variation is reduced there is no need of inspection of power point for defects.Reduced number of suppliers to a manageable quality. Award supply contracts on the basis of conformance than low cost. Also specify the quality expectation from them.Set up programs for continuous rise of costs, designs, processes, products, culture, etc beginner continuous training programs to maximise the contribution of each employee. If employee are inadequately trained there will be no uniformity in the work process leading to variations.Establish leadership. It means focus management on helping employees. Encouraging them to do a better job and take pribe in their work. close out fear from the work place by encouraging communication. Fear may prevent them acting to best for the organisation.Break down barrier between departments by encouraging team work.Eliminate slogans- Another central idea o f TQM is it is not people who make the mistake it is the process they are involved in. Harassing the workforce without improving the process will have a reverse effect.Eradicate management by draw a bead ons. The numerical target may also lead to production and delivery of poor quality goods.Remove barriers to pride of workmanship.Institute education and self improvement of training in new and appropriate technologiesDefining clearly the work shift is everyones job.Though some of the principles were challenged they remain vital for the concept of quality management.PHILIP B. CROSBYPHILIP B. CROSBY contributed to the concept of quality in 1979. He is widely recognised for promoting the concept of Zero defects and for defining quality as conformance to requirement. He initiate the Zero Defect program at the Martine Company Orlando, Florida Plant. As quality control manager the perishing rocket program, he was credited for 25% reduction of cost and 30% reduction in scrap cost. He st ated that the management must include cost of quality as part of financial system.Crosby defines quality as conformance to requirement. He stated that what cost money are the unquality thing. Quality is free when organisation emphasis on prevention of mistakes than to detection. Mistakes are caused either because of lack of knowledge or lack of attention. The first can be identified and corrected while the second is the attitude which can be changed by the individual. To achieve this Crosby listed the 14 steps to quality improvement.It must be made clear that management are committed to quality.Quality improvement team of senior management must be formed. valuate the process to measure quality to find out where the potential or current problem to quality lies.Evaluate the cost of quality to explain as a tool for management.Create awareness among employees the personal concerns for the quality. sequester action must be taken to correct the problems identified in the process of qualit y.Process of improvement must be monitored constantly and must make sure zero defect quality process is carried out.Trained supervisors must actively carry out their part in quality improvement.Hold the Zero defect day to reaffirm management commitment.Individual must be encouraged to set improvement goals for themselves and for their groups.Employee must be encouraged to move for the obstacle in their way to quality improvement.Appreciate the performance of the employee for their participation.Quality councils must be established to communicate at regular basisThe process of quality improvement must be reviewed so that it continues and do not stops.ARMAND V. FEIGENBAUM THE PROPONENT OF TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL.ARMAND V. FEIGENBAUM proposed the theory of total quality control. He believed that high quality could be achieved only through organizational support. He also asserted that the quality must be priority and not afterthought. He emphasised on the administrative viewpoint and c onsidered human issue as a basic issue to quality control. He stress that quality do not mean the best but best for the customers use and sell price. Quality control represents a management tool with 4 steps.Setting quality standards.Appraising conformance to thsee standardsActing when standards are exceededPlanning for improvement in the standardsAccording to him quality must encompass all the phases of in manufacturing the product which includes design, manufacturing, quality check, sales, after sales services and customer satisfaction. He also put forward the way to control the above phases. Feigenbaums idea of modern quality concept was more management based. He recommended thatIncrease operators efficiency to enhance overall quality.Prospecting to increase quality awareness in the organisation.Involving all the employee in the quality enhancement process.He also believed that quality must not be regarded as cost reduction tool but must be taken as an administrative effort to p rovide channel for knowledge integration and communication and encourage employee to participate in quality initiative. His concept is reffered to as quality at source and mean that every worker manager and authorities are responsible for performing their work with perfect quality. In TQC quality is more important than production rate so the worker must be given authority to stop production where quality problem arises.KAORU ISHIKAWAKAORU ISHIKAWA wanted to change the way people think about the work. He insisted that quality is not just improving product quality but also can go further. His notion of quality control called for continuous customer service. According to him quality improvement is a continuous process and can always go one step ahead.The head of the fish is the outcome desired, or effect. Contributing factors leading to this or causes are listed as boxes at the end of ribs.Each rib can then be scummy down further into the specific factors.Once a draw has been complet ed then it can be used to select areas to be tackled and their priority order, and how they can be managed. Generating a complete diagram support the consideration of an overall development strategy.With his cause and effect diagram also called fish bone diagram management were able to make significant and specific advancement to their quality improvement. With the help of his diagram the users can find out all possible cause of the result and find the root of process imperfection. By pinpointing the root problem this diagram provide improvement from the very base of the problem. His philosophy of total quality management can be summerised as followProduct quality is improved and becomes uniform. Defects are reduced. dependableness of goods is improved.Cost is reduced.Quantity of production is increased, and it becomes possible to make rational production schedules.Wasteful work and rework are reduced.Technique is established and improved.Expenses for inspection and testing are red uced.Contracts between vendor and vendee are rationalised.The sales market is enlarged.Better relationships are established between departments.False data and reports are reduced.Discussions are carried out more freely and democratically.Meetings are operated more smoothly.Repairs and installation of equipment and facilities are done more rationally. kind relations are improved.JOSEPH M. JURANDR.JOSEPH M,JURAN developed the quality trilogy.- quality planning , quality control and quality improvement. well-behaved quality management requires quality actions to be planned , improved and controlled. Juran believed that quality is dependent on the customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction. His ten steps to quality areCreate awareness for the need improvement.Goals must be set for improvementWays to reach the GoalsFacilitate trainingCarry out project to top problemProgress must be reportedEfforts must be recognised.Results must be communicatedAchieved results must be maintainedMaintain momentumHis concept of quality did not just concentrated on the end of customer but also on internal and external customers.